{"id":17640,"date":"2015-04-19T20:37:58","date_gmt":"2015-04-20T03:37:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forallevents.com\/reviews\/?p=17640"},"modified":"2015-04-19T20:37:58","modified_gmt":"2015-04-20T03:37:58","slug":"was-brahms-really-a-misogynist","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forallevents.com\/reviews\/was-brahms-really-a-misogynist\/","title":{"rendered":"Was Brahms Really a Misogynist?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Was Brahms Really a Misogynist?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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This first began as a review of Bob Greenberg’s video presentation Brahms, The Ladies, and the Trick Rocking Chair <\/em>(2015a) in his Scandalous Overtures<\/em> series, but I realized that I needed to go beyond Greenberg’s presentation, because he is relying on well known biographical sources that are taken to be authoritative, but which are biased, misinformed, and seriously misrepresent Brahms, his life, and his attitude toward women.<\/p>\n

Greenberg’s presentation on Brahms sex life and his attitude toward women amounts to a moralizing tirade that is offensive for its sanctimonious presumptuousness, its patronizing condescension, and its utter ignorance of the evolution in sexual culture from the nineteenth century to our own time.\u00a0 He reminded me of one of those television evangelists championing marriage, monogamy and sexual asceticism.\u00a0 The lesson suggested by Greenberg’s talk is: “Thank God we live in a time when people are so much better than they were in Brahms’ time, and, my haven’t we improved our sexual culture since way back when!”\u00a0 But it is all nonsense.<\/p>\n

First of all he declares that Brahms was a “misogynist.” \u00a0This is a key point that echoes Swafford’s (1997) biography.<\/p>\n

As he approached puberty, Brahms was steeped in an atmosphere where the deepest intimacies between men and women were a matter of ceaseless and shameful transaction.\u00a0 That sense of human relations haunted him for life.\u00a0 He felt intimacy as a threat, female sexuality as a threat.\u00a0 To preserve yourself, look away, get away! Even before puberty his relations with women were subverted: “You expect me to honor them as you do!”\u00a0 All his life Brahms would sustain a taste for whores and a deep-lying misogyny.” (Swafford, 1997, p. 30)<\/p>\n

‘Misogyny’ is a term Swafford likes to use in his book and Greenberg has accepted it without thinking too much about it.\u00a0 You can see from this quote that Swafford has a romanticized, elevated, very modern middle class conception of sex that has no understanding of the coarseness and roughness of a low class waterfront brothel.\u00a0 Some people find the association between a composer of Brahms’ stature and the sordid, seedy, brothels where Brahms came of age in his preteens so repugnant that they try to deny that it even happened [See Styra Avins (1997), p.3; Hofmann (1986)]. \u00a0Swafford (2001) does a very convincing job of dispelling this lame attempt at revisionist history and I am not going to rehash it.\u00a0 Greenberg accepts Swafford \u00a0and the traditional view that Brahms came of age and performed on the piano in these rough waterfront brothels in Hamburg.\u00a0 There seems to be plenty of good evidence that this was indeed the case, and I don’t feel a need to take up this epistemological aspect of the matter.<\/p>\n

What I object to is Greenberg’s and Swafford’s (and Schauffler’s) claim that this background in Brahms early life: being introduced to sex in a brothel at an early age, was abusive, led to lifelong misogyny, ruined his relationships with women, and was the reason Brahms never married.\u00a0 These claims are totally false and there is plenty of evidence to refute them.\u00a0 Greenberg presents much of it himself.\u00a0 Brahms sex education in the brothels of Hamburg undoubtedly influenced his future sex life, his preference for whores, and did present an alternative sexual adjustment to modern middle class monogamous marriage, which became his established lifestyle.\u00a0 That is not necessarily a bad thing, and it certainly does not amount to misogyny by any stretch of the imagination.<\/p>\n

Schauffler offers this amateurish and somewhat fantastical analysis.<\/p>\n

Let us briefly summarize:\u00a0 Brahms’ early environment and life caused a psychopathic condition which probably made him impotent to all but women of a low class.\u00a0 This probably defeated his projects for marriage with one respectable woman after another.\u00a0 He explained these defeats by rationalization, salved his wounded pride with the healing balsam of wit, and grew expert in evading the embarrassing advances of his lady admirers.\u00a0 (Schauffler, 1972, p. 283)<\/p>\n

Greenberg follows Schauffler and Swafford in asserting that Brahms early experiences in the Hamburg brothels “Twisted his sexual psyche for the rest of his life.”\u00a0 “Messed him up for life.” “Screwed up his attitude toward women for the rest of his life.” (Greenberg 2015a&b)\u00a0 But Greenberg’s own presentation of Brahms relationship with Clara Schumann in this same video series (Greenberg, 2015b) provides a stark refutation of all of that hyperbolic nonsense. \u00a0Brahms relationship with Clara Schumann was a long, close, emotionally and psychologically rich relationship that was quite literally the emotional mainstay of Brahms’ life.\u00a0 True, he chose not to marry Clara, and the relationship was conflicted, but it was a long way from Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf<\/em>?<\/p>\n

Swafford tells us, “Brahms felt intimacy as a threat.” (Swafford, 1997, p. 30)\u00a0 But Brahms had many well documented relationships of profound intimacy and seriousness.\u00a0 If you simply listen to his music, you can see that this statement is baseless.\u00a0 How could Brahms write music of such profound depth and emotional richness if he experienced intimacy as a threat?\u00a0 Brahms wrote volumes of music that is extremely tender and intimate.\u00a0 Listening to Brahms’ music one hears a very complex man.\u00a0 Brahms’ music has rage and vehemence, turmoil and contention, regret and grief, profound reflection and sadness, harshness and tenderness — and sometimes a lively good spirit.\u00a0 Swafford’s statement is not credible and indicates a desire to impose a disparaging moral interpretation on Brahms’ life that has nothing to do with the reality he experienced.<\/p>\n

He felt female sexuality as a threat?\u00a0 Why don’t we ask the whores about that?\u00a0 They would know best.\u00a0 But Swafford has not done that.\u00a0 Swafford is ignorant and a prude and is presenting a distorted image of Brahms that reflects his own biases and sexual conservatism<\/p>\n

The simple facts are that Brahms insisted all his life that he played in rough waterfront taverns, that he was abused by prostitutes, that the experience left a \u201cdeep shadow on his mind,\u201d that it wrecked his relations with women\u2014and that it ultimately strengthened him. (Swafford, 2001, p. 275)<\/p>\n

The word “abuse” is not Brahms word.\u00a0 It is an interpretation by Swafford, as is the conclusion that it “wrecked his relations with women.”\u00a0 In fact, it did not wreck his relations with women.\u00a0 Besides his long relationship with Clara Schumann, Brahms had numerous liaisons and relationship of various kinds with women, among the documented are: Luise Meyer-Dustmann, (Avins, p. 246)\u00a0 Ottilie Ebner (Avins, pp. 425-26), Bertha Porubsky (Avins, pp. 202-207), Agathe von Spiebold, to whom he was briefly engaged (Avins, p. 173f; Gal, 1963, pp. 94-95).\u00a0 If you look at Brahms letters to his many female friends and lovers, it is plain and clear that Brahms felt love, passion, warmth, and deep good will toward his many women.<\/p>\n

This quote from a memoir Agathe von Siebold wrote many years later does not evince misogyny on the part of Brahms or an inability to be intimate.<\/p>\n

I think I may say that from that time until the present, a golden light has been cast on my life, and that even now, in my late old age, something of the radiance of that unforgettable time has remained.\u00a0 I loved Johannes Brahms very much, and for a short time, he loved me.\u00a0 (Avins, p. 173)<\/p>\n

He had a relationship with Elizabeth von Stockhausen whom he came to know when she was sixteen.\u00a0 Brahms taught her piano and found himself falling in love with her from which he reportedly withdrew.\u00a0 She married a man named Heinrich von Herzogenberg a few years later, and Brahms continued a fairly close relationship with both of them.\u00a0 Elizabeth became a long time musical confidant and critic for Brahms.<\/p>\n

Hermine Spies was a much younger woman with whom Brahms was preoccupied for several years during his early fifties.\u00a0 (Neunzig, 2003, p.102; Avins, 1997, p.603, 637, 647) She once wrote Brahms describing a frolic she had with two other men on a beach, and Brahms responded with pointed and suggestive jealousy.<\/p>\n

Dear very esteemed, or esteemed and very dear Fraulein!<\/p>\n

Eight pages I wrote you yesterday, but I cannot send them off, they are a pure and unadulterated E flat minor chord, so sad, and by the way replete with poisonous envy of cellists and poets, and how well off they are! . . .<\/p>\n

Greetings to your slaves or friends, whose elongated shapes must surely be getting tiresome — a change is definitely needed there!\u00a0 And that might as well be provided by your poor, complaining<\/p>\n

Outsider!\u00a0 (Avins, 1997, pp. 647-48)<\/p>\n

Gal mistakenly claims that Brahms was celibate and lonely (Gal, 1963, p.88).\u00a0 The first is certainly not true, as the above letter, for one, suggests.\u00a0 Schauffler reports, “‘He was highly sexed,'” Professor Kahn tells me.\u00a0 And this is confirmed by many of his other living friends.” (Schauffler, 1972, p. 284)\u00a0 Although Brahms lived alone, he was not isolated.\u00a0 Swafford tells us, “Brahms remained a lone wolf in the midst of friends and fame, as happy living alone in his Karlgasse rooms as out in company.” (Swafford, 1997, p. 427)\u00a0 If Brahms was lonely, I think it came from a feeling of being misunderstood by the people around him, even his closest friends.<\/p>\n

In Bonn, Clara invited young Max Kalbeck, who had come on Brahms’ recommendation to consult with her about editing Robert’s letters, to return to Frankfurt with them and stay over to celebrate Johannes’s forty-seventh birthday.\u00a0 At home on May 7, she played the new Opus 79 Rhapsodies for the assembled guests.\u00a0 Brahms had been in a foul\u00a0 mood throughout the visit, and Clara asked Kalbeck if he knew why.\u00a0 The young man had no idea.\u00a0 Suddenly Clara’s eyes filled with tears.\u00a0 ‘Would you believe,’ she said to Brahms’ future biographer, ‘that in spite of our long and intimate friendship Johannes has never told me anything about what excites him or upsets him?\u00a0\u00a0 He is just as much of a riddle, I could almost say as much of a stranger, as he was to me twenty-five years ago. (Swafford, 1997, p. 459)<\/p>\n

Being married to Clara would not have helped this.\u00a0 In fact, it might have made it worse.\u00a0 And notice that Clara called her friendship with Brahms “intimate,” contradicting Swafford.<\/p>\n

Schauffler reports another early relationship with a female almost in passing that made me pause and wonder.\u00a0 In 1847, when Brahms would have been fourteen, he was invited by one, Adolph Giesemann, to spend a long sojourn in the country about sixty miles outside of Hamburg in Winsen.\u00a0 There he taught Giesemann’s little daughter on the piano, came to love the woodlands and meadows of the countryside, conducted a men’s chorus, and<\/p>\n

Mr. Charles Muller of New York tells me that his mother, Matilde Kock, then a lass of thirteen, used to spend many hours of this vacation playing four-hand duets with Hannes. (Schauffler, 1972, p. 38)<\/p>\n

What about that?\u00a0 This is a fourteen year old boy who had been socialized and sexualized in the rough Hamburg brothels spending long hours sitting side by side a thirteen year old girl at the piano playing four-hand duets.\u00a0 Would you let your thirteen year old daughter sit that long leg to leg next to a boy like Brahms?<\/p>\n

Swafford gives a different version of this relationship that makes Giesemann’s daughter, Lieschen, the thirteen year old piano companion and does not mention Matilde Kock (Swafford, 1997, pp. 34-5).\u00a0 I am inclined to give more credence to Schauffler’s account — even though it is third hand — because Schauffler impresses me as striving for facts and authenticity, whereas Swafford, although a much more polished scholar and writer, is attempting to craft an image of Brahms consistent with his conservative moral and social biases.\u00a0 Schauffler traveled widely over many years searching out people who knew Brahms, interviewed them, ferreted out documents.\u00a0 His anecdotes are sometimes hearsay by third parties and many years removed from the events.\u00a0 But he had a real passion for discovering the unknown facts about Brahms life and strived to authenticate everything as best he could.\u00a0 He might have made some mistakes, but I think he had an honest heart.\u00a0 I don’t feel that way about Swafford.\u00a0 Opposite the title page of Schauffler’s book is an 1894 photograph of Brahms with his arm around eighteen year old Henrietta Hemala: a very unmisogynistic late portrait.<\/p>\n

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The many whores with whom Brahms consorted are not documented, but it is quite likely that Brahms liked many of them very much.\u00a0 I would surmise that collectively they were as important as any of the women who are well documented, but they left no writings and were not involved in music.\u00a0 I found the following reports in Schauffler.<\/p>\n

Brahms found what solace he could in his venal loves of the moment.\u00a0 In general, it may be safely asserted that servants, provided they were simple enough daughters of simple enough people, were the prostitutes’ only rivals for his sexual interest.<\/p>\n

Mr. Oscar Ullmann of New York, who in his youth used to know Brahms well in Ischl, tells me that a very pretty girl working for concert manager Kugel was a favorite with the Master.\u00a0 She told my informant what a passionate but awkward lover Brahms was.\u00a0 (Schauffler, 1972, p. 277)<\/p>\n

Before he had lived long in Vienna, Brahms knew most of the daughters of joy by name, and when he walked up the K\u00e4rnthnerstrasse they would greet him with affectionate enthusiasm as “Herr Doktor!”\u00a0 If hard pressed, they would seek him out in some cafe, and he would always cheerfully give them two gulden, or more if they needed it.<\/p>\n

A now celebrated musician has told me that in his youth Brahms recommended a certain public woman to him; and when he looked her up, she could not find words enough in praise of Herr Doktor, who had, she bore witness, treated her with the indulgent tenderness of a father.<\/p>\n

“After a concert,” Frau Prof. Br\u00fcll tells me, “our party set out for a cafe.\u00a0 Brahms gave me his arm and we met some streetwalkers, who hailed him with enthusiasm, embarrassing him very much.”\u00a0 (Schauffler, 1972, p. 259)<\/p>\n

How do you get misogyny out of all of this?\u00a0 The only thing that Greenberg has to support his viewpoint is that Brahms didn’t marry; he preferred to live alone; he preferred the company of men; and he liked whores for sex.\u00a0 So does that mean he didn’t like Women<\/em>?\u00a0 People who call Brahms a “misogynist” simply do not approve of his personal life.\u00a0 The label says more about them that it does about Brahms.<\/p>\n

Greenberg tells us about a trick rocking chair Brahms had in his living room that he invited unsuspecting women to sit in which would then throw them into embarrassing poses at which Brahms would laugh with uproarious, sadistic glee.\u00a0 Greenberg takes this as telling evidence that Brahms did not like women. \u00a0The women that he perched in that chair were probably not his favorites, and the rocking chair served as a useful device for keeping these unwanted women away from him, but he did it with some good humor, albeit a little rough.<\/p>\n

The rocking chair is a mischievous, childish, mildly sadistic device that gave Brahms a chance to mock the modesty and prudishness of middle class women who invaded his space, and it also served to keep these awful women that he despised, and who might have had designs on him, at a distance.\u00a0 It is very unlikely that his prostitute friends would have been upset by the chair (but they never visited his residence).\u00a0 They probably would have shared in the laugh.<\/p>\n

Abraham Lincoln had some similarities in his character to Brahms.\u00a0 He preferred the company of males.\u00a0 He was noticeably uncomfortable around women and tended to avoid them.\u00a0 He was very unhappily married to a woman who was mentally ill (Ferguson, 2010).\u00a0 Lincoln was actually much more negative in his orientation and attitude toward women than Brahms, but no one calls Lincoln a misogynist.\u00a0 Actually this pattern exemplified by Brahms and Lincoln was very typical for the nineteenth century male.\u00a0 The sexes were more segregated in their social roles and same sex companionship was much more the norm and much more emotionally rich than it is today, especially for males (Ferguson, 2008).<\/p>\n

Brahms’ attitude toward women was not any more negative than anyone else’s in nineteenth century Germany.\u00a0 In fact, Brahms was probably more positive and nuanced than most.\u00a0 It should be kept in mind that over the span of Brahms’ life women did not have the vote in Germany.\u00a0 Germany did not even become unified as a nation state until 1871, well into Brahms life.\u00a0 Married women did not have property rights.\u00a0 They could not enter the university.\u00a0 Their legal rights and social possibilities were unimaginably restricted by today’s standards.\u00a0 Social agitation for women’s rights was only beginning to coalesce toward the end of Brahms’ life.\u00a0 We can sit in our armchairs and pass judgment on the entire nineteenth century, but it is a meaningless exercise in arrogance.\u00a0 People have to be understood and evaluated in the context of their own time and culture.<\/p>\n

Edward M. Clarke, in the 1870s, studied the education of girls and women, arguing for greater equality between the sexes in educational opportunity.\u00a0 His observations about Germany were that urban girls of the middle and upper classes were educated in schools until about the age of 15 or 16, then if they were educated any further, it would take place at home, perhaps with tutors.\u00a0 However, peasant girls were not educated at all.<\/p>\n

German peasant girls and women work in the field and shop with and like men. None who have seen their stout and brawny arms can doubt the force with which they wield the hoe and axe. I once saw, in the streets of Coblentz, a woman and a donkey yoked to the same cart, while a man, with a whip in his hand, drove the team. The bystanders did not seem to look upon the moving group as if it were an unusual spectacle. The donkey appeared to be the most intelligent and refined of the three. The sight symbolized the physical force and infamous degradation of the lower classes of women in Europe.\u00a0 (Clarke, 1875, p. 178-79)<\/p>\n

Brahms is starting to look better and better all the time.\u00a0 What does ‘misogyny’ mean in a cultural climate such as nineteenth century Europe?<\/p>\n

Brahms’ life, experiences, and attitudes were very typical for his time and culture.\u00a0 He was not at all anomalous in his sexuality.\u00a0 Brothels were readily available everywhere in the nineteenth century and men, especially, were sexualized from an early age.\u00a0 Same sex relations were commonplace and close, affectionate ties between males was the rule, not the exception.\u00a0 It was not at all unusual for men to prefer the association of other men over women in the nineteenth century, and indeed, many men today share that preference.<\/p>\n

I suppose I should interpose a parenthetical comment on the other pressing question which Greenberg made the subject of another presentation in his video series that deals with Johannes Brahms and Clara Schumann:\u00a0 Did they, or didn’t they<\/em>? (Greenberg 2015b)\u00a0 The short answer is: I don’t know.\u00a0 But it is pretty clear that sex was not the center of this relationship.\u00a0 Whether it might have been important in the early phase, or episodically, who knows?\u00a0\u00a0 But I agree with Avins that this is not the most interesting question to ask about Brahms and Clara (Avins, 1997, p. 757).\u00a0 Avins, after long and careful study, thinks that the relationship was platonic.\u00a0 Many others have concurred.\u00a0 But the evidence is very incomplete and could be misleading.\u00a0 Clara Schumann also had another significant relationship with Joseph Joachim alongside her relationship with Brahms at the time her last child, Felix was born.\u00a0\u00a0 She chose Brahms, Joachim and Mathilde Hartmann to be godparents to the new baby.\u00a0 Avins notes that many take the fact of the choice of Brahms to be godfather to the boy as evidence that he was the father, but Avins thinks that the child’s having three godparents casts doubt on that.\u00a0 (Avins, 1997, p. 760)\u00a0 But the three godparents could also suggest that Clara wasn’t sure who the father was.\u00a0 We don’t really know what might have gone on in these matters.<\/p>\n

The argument I would give for Clara and Brahms’ relationship being platonic is of a different character than what is usually put forward.\u00a0 I would point out that since Brahms’ sexual preference was for whores and brothels, he didn’t need Clara for sex, and therefore did not press the issue with her, and probably avoided it with her.\u00a0 Perhaps he explored it with her in the early going and decided that Clara was no match for a St. Pauli girl, and left off with it.\u00a0 Brahms having an established sexual alternative meant that a nonsexual relationship with Clara was tolerable and perhaps even desirable.\u00a0 The interesting question that I would ask is to what extent was Clara cognizant of Brahms’ real sex life, and to what extent did Brahms share his adventures in the brothels with her?\u00a0 If Brahms compartmentalized, that is, kept his sex life strictly separate from his relationships with his music women, then that argues for a platonic attachment to Clara.\u00a0 Whereas if Brahms told Clara about his whoring adventures with relish, that would suggest a strong sexual component to the relationship.\u00a0 The former seems the most likely to me.<\/p>\n

How much Clara knew about Brahms sex life is less clear.\u00a0 Brahms, though reserved, does not appear to have been secretive about it, and people do talk.\u00a0 Something must have gotten back to Clara, but she might not have known the full proportions of it, and she may have been disinclined to probe into it.\u00a0 She seems wise enough not to have made an issue of it, although many letters were deliberately destroyed, so the full story will probably never be known.<\/p>\n

The view that Brahms’ impetuous ardour would have been irresistible for her does not ring true for the mother of seven who was keenly aware of the proprieties, who had borne more children than she had wanted, and who prided herself above all on knowing her duty and fulfilling it conscientiously (Avins, 1997, p. 759)<\/p>\n

We can only go on what we have, and there is nothing that conclusively points to an ongoing sexual relationship between Johannes Brahms and Clara Schumann.<\/p>\n

In my opinion, a more likely possibility for a sexual liaison, or at least a strong interest, is Brahms’ attachment to Clara’s oldest daughter, Julie.\u00a0 Brahms was quite distressed when the news came that Julie was to be married, and this anguish caught Clara by surprise — another example of how Clara was out of touch with the emotional life of Brahms in matters relating to sex and romantic attachments (Avins, 1997, p. 394, 759 for more details).\u00a0 It is always fair game to wonder and speculate about such matters in a person’s life, but it is also true that people tend to imagine more than actually happens, and not everything that actually happens is of great significance, although Brahms’ reaction to Julie’s marriage was reportedly strong.<\/p>\n

Schauffler states that from the age of twenty-four Brahms was financially capable of supporting a marriage, but he felt that Brahms was not well suited to marriage, and judged it a plus for Brahms’ work as a composer and for his peace of mind that he did not marry. (Schauffler, 1972, p. 73) \u00a0Brahms recognized this as an important need himself to further his creative accomplishments, and in an 1887 letter to Freifrau von Heldberg he expressed this very frankly.<\/p>\n

I dislike speaking of myself and my peculiarities.\u00a0 The confession is plain:\u00a0 I\u00a0 need absolute solitude, not only in order to accomplish what I am capable of, but also, quite generally, to think about my vocation. . . But just now, with a new and major work sitting finished before me, I really do take some pleasure in it and have to say to myself:\u00a0 I would not have written it had I enjoyed life ever so splendidly on the Rhine and in Berchtesgaden. (Brahms to Freifrau von Heldberg August 11, 1887, Avins p. 645)<\/p>\n

Schauffler does relate an incident, though, that reveals the negative side of Brahms’ feelings toward women.\u00a0 It was told to him by Max Friedlander about a birthday dinner for Brahms where some heavy drinking took place.\u00a0 It should be noted that one aspect of the brothel culture that Brahms did not carry with him into his adult life was its promotion of heavy drinking.\u00a0 Although Brahms was not sympathetic to the temperance movement which was gaining strength in his later years (Avins, p. 636), as an adult he drank very little, although there were exceptions.\u00a0 And this birthday dinner was one of them.\u00a0 It was his birthday and the champagne was good.<\/p>\n

Brahms grew more and more silent, but nobody noticed anything curious about him.\u00a0 The talk turned on a beautiful woman whom we all knew.\u00a0 Still the Master was silent — until someone pressed him for his opinion.\u00a0 That was a moment which I shall never forget!\u00a0 Abruptly his harsh voice broke into a horrible, coarse tirade against this lady, broadening out to include women in general, and actually ended by applying to them all an incredible, unspeakable epithet — a word so vile that I have never been able to repeat it, even to my wife. (Schauffler, 1972, p. 224)<\/p>\n

Later, after some coffee and a walk in the park, Friedlander and Brahms discussed the incident.<\/p>\n

‘Look here,’ he demanded abruptly, ‘how were you brought up?’\u00a0 So I told him of my childhood in the rather poor Silesian home with the six brothers and sisters of us; how devotedly my parents were attached to one another, how tenderly we were guarded from everything ugly and painful, and so on.<\/p>\n

Suddenly Brahms burst with violence into my reminiscences, making a furiously angry scene in the middle of the Prater.\u00a0 His eyes grew bloodshot.\u00a0 The veins in his forehead stood out.\u00a0 His hair and beard seemed to bristle.<\/p>\n

‘And you,’ he cried menacingly, ‘you who have been reared in cotton wool;\u00a0 you who have been protected from everything coarse — you tell me I should have the same respect, the same exalted homage for women that you have!’ (I had not, of course, put this into words, but his sensitive soul had caught my unuttered reproaches.) ‘You expect that of a man cursed with a childhood like mine!’<\/p>\n

Then with bitter passion he recounted his poverty-stricken youth in the wretched slums of Hamburg; how as a shaver of nine, he was already a fairly competent pianist; and how his father would drag him from bed to play for dancing and accompany obscene songs in the most depraved dives of the St. Pauli quarter.<\/p>\n

‘Do you know those places?’ he asked.\u00a0 ‘Only from the outside.’\u00a0 ‘Then you can’t have the least idea of what they are really like.\u00a0 And in those days they were still worse.\u00a0 They were filled with the lowest sort of public women — the so-called “Singing Girls.”\u00a0 When the sailing ships made port after months of continuous voyaging, the sailors would rush out of them like beasts of prey, looking for women.\u00a0 And these half-clad girls to make the men still wilder, used to take me on their laps between dances, kiss and caress and excite me.\u00a0 That was my first impression of the love of women.\u00a0 And you expect me<\/em> to honour them as you do!’\u00a0 It was long before his anger simmered down and we left the park. (Schauffler, 1972, pp. 225-26)<\/p>\n

For the purpose of this discussion we will take Friedlander’s report at face value and not question its veracity or any bias that may be distorting it — which, I think, is a generous assumption.\u00a0 What does it show about Brahms?<\/p>\n

This is Brahms’ response to Friedlander, Swafford, Greenberg, Schauffler, and all the other saintly would-be biographers.\u00a0 “Who the hell do you think you are to tell me I should hold women in the same high esteem that you do?”\u00a0 Brahms knew a different side of women, a different type of woman than the middle class women who came to him for piano lessons.\u00a0 The whores in the brothels didn’t play the piano and didn’t want piano lessons.\u00a0 They didn’t care about his piano rhapsodies or his string quartets.\u00a0 They wanted something else.\u00a0 And, if you notice, the women Brahms despised were the middle class women, such as the one that touched off the tirade at the dinner party, not the whores.\u00a0 But Greenberg thinks if you like whores and you don’t like prudish middle class women, then you are a misogynist.\u00a0 A drunken rant against women does not make Brahms a misogynist<\/em>.\u00a0 It just means he is in a bad mood.\u00a0 Misogyny is about the big picture; it is about pervasive trends and patterns of behavior, and in Brahms’ case the big picture regarding women, while mixed, is decidedly positive.<\/p>\n

‘Misogyny’ is a term with a simple definition, but it does not really describe anybody.\u00a0 It is used rather to tar someone whose behavior or lifestyle one disapproves of.\u00a0 \u00a0Misogyny is bad.\u00a0 We aren’t supposed to be misogynistic in this enlightened day and age.\u00a0 So if you can stick that label on someone, that means they’re a bad person and you are justified in disliking them, hating them, dismissing them, and inflicting all sorts of abuse on them.\u00a0 The simplistic use of ‘misogyny’ that equates any negative feeling toward women with a general, implacable hatred can be used to vilify almost anybody.\u00a0 All males have ambivalent feelings about women and all men have episodes in their lives where they might have behaved better toward particular women.\u00a0 Relations between the sexes are inherently conflicted and have many sharp edges.\u00a0 This doesn’t mean that we are mortal enemies, or that we don’t like each other in principle.\u00a0 Even women could be labeled as misogynists.\u00a0 ‘Misogyny’ is one of these terms we use to marginalize people we don’t like and want to transform into social outcasts.\u00a0 It is an oversimplification that should be abandoned.<\/p>\n

Avins, to her credit, noticed that<\/p>\n

Amidst all the speculation as to why Brahms never married, virtually no attention has been paid to the unhappy marriage he was continual witness to as he was growing up. (Avins, 1997, p. 334)<\/p>\n

Avins also notes that Brahms’ brother, Fritz, also never married.\u00a0 This is a much more promising approach to understanding Brahms’ avoidance of marriage than anything that might have happened in the Hamburg brothels.\u00a0 His parents were his primary role model for marriage.\u00a0 If their marriage was something that looked good and inspiring to the young Brahms, (in the way Friedlander’s parents did to him) that ambition would have survived the dissoluteness of the brothels.\u00a0 If indeed the brothels were so awful and the experiences there so abusive and disagreeable, Brahms would have had all the more reason to gravitate toward marriage as a glowing salvation.\u00a0 He had plenty of opportunities and plenty of encouragement in his adult life to do that.\u00a0 But he didn’t.\u00a0 Instead he disparaged marriage, repudiated it, and kept the whores.\u00a0 Brahms’ life, and his experiences with women, sex, and marriage confirm that his experience in the brothels represented his authentic, egosyntonic self.\u00a0 He rejected and despised the prudishness and sexual conservatism of the middle class society into which he emerged as an adult.\u00a0\u00a0 His heart remained true to his roots in those Hamburg brothels.\u00a0 That is the judgment that is so hard for people like Greenberg, Swafford, Avins, Gal, and Schauffler to swallow.\u00a0 They chorus that there must be something wrong with Brahms!\u00a0 Brahms is damaged; Brahms is screwed up; Brahms is defective!\u00a0 All because he didn’t get married.\u00a0 The whores must have done this to him, those bad girls!\u00a0 What is wrong with these people?\u00a0 Let Brahms be Brahms.\u00a0 If Brahms accomplishments have any bearing on the matter, then maybe people should not get married.<\/p>\n

But they don’t even give his parents so much as a glance. Yet this is really the key to understanding Brahms’ lifelong aversion to marriage, not the brothels.\u00a0 If they did look at his parents’ marriage, they might have to face the discomfiting truth that marriage is not all that good for most people, that marriage screws up a lot of people for life, as well as a lot of children, and there are a lot of advantages to whores in the eyes of many men.<\/p>\n[In 1864] he returned to Hamburg to find his family in disastrous discord.\u00a0 His parents had come to a bitter parting of the ways, his father insisting he could no longer live with an aged wife and the ailing daughter he viewed as a malingerer (she suffered from migraine headaches).\u00a0 The events leading to this crisis are impossible to sort out in detail, given the surviving facts.\u00a0 .\u00a0 .\u00a0 The current difficulty was nothing new.\u00a0 Life in the Brahms household had been troubled for a very long time, as witnessed by the details of the letter Christiane Brahms wrote to Johannes just before her death (Letter 191), and had now come to a terrible climax. By July, Johann Jakob had left his family and stopped supporting his 73 year old wife, who was becoming blind.\u00a0 She too was forced to move.\u00a0 Brother Fritz and sister Elise never forgave their father; to Clara’s astonishment, Brahms had some understanding for him, as indeed he did for all the parties involved, and he tried to reconcile his parents.\u00a0 When that failed, he urged the family to remain on speaking terms (in vain), acted as go-between when that too failed, and did his utmost to provide money for mother, father, and sister.\u00a0 As a consequence, the next few years were the leanest ones of his life, as there were now separate households to pay for.\u00a0 (Avins, 1997, p. 297-98)<\/p>\n

Nothing to recommend marriage in any of this.<\/p>\n

The 1864 letter Avins mentions (no 191, Avins, 1997, pp. 311-17) from Brahms’ mother to himself is a long, melancholy litany detailing her side of the marriage to Brahms’ father from beginning to end.\u00a0 If you want to understand why Brahms feared marriage, take a look at this. I won’t quote it because there is too much, but it is clear that Brahms’ did not have an appealing example of marriage to inspire him or model himself on from his parents, and this had much more to do with his avoidance of marriage than his cavorting with the whores.<\/p>\n

Swafford tells us that when Brahms’ parents married, his father was twenty-four and his mother forty-one. (Swafford, 1997, p. 13f.)\u00a0 Brahms was born in the red-light district of Hamburg in 1833.\u00a0 Swafford alludes to accumulated incompatibilities in the marriage of Brahms’ parents, which he doesn’t specify, but attributes to their difference in age (again demonstrating his ignorance and superficiality in understanding human relations).\u00a0 One thing that everyone (except Avins and Hofmann) agrees on, but no one seems to grasp the significance of, is the fact that it was Brahms’ father who took the young boy to the brothels and got him the job playing the piano for the revelers.\u00a0 This implies that his father must have been familiar with these establishments.\u00a0 I doubt if they were answering a want ad.\u00a0 This means that Johann Jakob knew the environment that he was taking his young son into, the kind of activities he would be exposed to, the kind of experiences he was likely to have, and he didn’t seem to have a problem with it.\u00a0 This may additionally have been a partial reflection on his marriage to Brahms’ mother, Christiane.\u00a0 The young boy, Hannes, absorbed this, and made a good strong identification with his father and with his father’s sexual pattern.\u00a0 As an adult, he preferred whores and shunned marriage, very much in keeping with the example set by his father.\u00a0 Don’t blame it on the whores.<\/p>\n

To be sure, Brahms had a lot of negative feelings toward women; he tended to disparage them, avoided their company, and this is evident in his personal relationships, including with Clara.\u00a0 He once confessed to being prejudiced against women pianists.\u00a0 “I have a powerful prejudice against women pianists and anxiously avoid listening to them.” (Avins, p. 502)\u00a0 However, he did ask Clara to play through all of his songs prior to their publication “and say a word to me about them.”\u00a0 (Avins, 1997, 509) \u00a0Brahms behavior toward women shows inner conflict and contradictory trends, but not implacable hatred.<\/p>\n

It is patently mistaken to attempt to trace this back to the Hamburg brothels. The kind of attitude toward women that we see in Brahms was very typical for nineteenth century Europe (and America).\u00a0 The label \u00a0‘misogyny’ distorts and simplifies it to the point where it becomes mendacious.\u00a0 I would further speculate that the negative feelings Brahms expressed at times toward women went back primarily to his mother, rather than the whores in the brothels.\u00a0 From an early age Brahms likely sympathized with his father, identified with his father, and perhaps took his father’s part and held his mother responsible for the ills in their marriage.\u00a0 That is speculative.\u00a0 But it is certainly not fear of sexuality as Swafford tries to insist.<\/p>\n

The stain of Hamburg prostitutes continued to taint all his response to women.\u00a0 He feared their sexuality, and like many self-protective, solitary men, feared even more the sexual and emotional power women wielded over him. (Swafford, 1997, p. 323)<\/p>\n

Brahms was not afraid of sex.\u00a0 Gal tells us that “Brahms was and remained a worshipper of feminine beauty, easily set afire but apparently just as easily cooled off.” (p. 94)\u00a0 And as we noted earlier Schauffler reported from numerous sources that Brahms was highly sexed.\u00a0 Some of his hostility toward women was born of attraction coupled with fear.\u00a0 A temptation that is regarded as dangerous can provoke a hostile response in a person.\u00a0 But the fear is not of sex.\u00a0 His penchant for whores disproves that.\u00a0 The fear is of being enmeshed in the kind of morass that his family was mired in, and that wrecked his father’s life.<\/p>\n

You can’t underestimate the influence of his father, Johan Jakob, on Brahms.\u00a0 Brahms saw his father’s dissatisfaction with his marriage from a very early age, and he also saw the satisfaction his father took in the brothels and in other sexual liaisons outside of his marriage.\u00a0 His father clearly wanted Brahms to be sexualized in the brothels at a very early age, rather than saving himself for marriage.\u00a0 And it took root.\u00a0 Brahms was sympathetic to his father.\u00a0 He did not despise him or repudiate him.\u00a0 In letters as an adult he addressed him as “Beloved Father, ” “Dearest Father.” (Avins, 1997, pp. 333, 345, 347, 399, etc.)\u00a0 He had an especially warm relationship with his father with good communication.\u00a0 He enthusiastically endorsed his father’s remarriage in 1865 following his mother’s death and supported him financially as well (Avins, 1997, pp. 333f.).\u00a0 He took the good in his father’s example, namely, the whores and the brothels, and rejected the bad: marriage.<\/p>\n

The attempt by Greenberg, Swafford and the other biographers to blame the shape of Brahms personal life on his early experiences in the brothels of Hamburg is misguided and yields a distorted image of Brahms that is out of sync with the reality that he himself experienced and felt.\u00a0 These biographers are men who are deeply committed to marriage and sexual conservatism as the normative lifestyle for people, and Brahms was an adamant dissenter from that social tide.\u00a0 Greenberg, Swafford, and Schauffler are much more threatened by Brahms than Brahms was by sex.\u00a0 This is why it is necessary to discredit Brahms, to label him a ‘misogynist’, a psychological misfit, a damaged victim of childhood abuse, etc. \u00a0Brahms had a hard childhood, to be sure, and he had a lot of negative feelings toward women.\u00a0 But he was also resilient and flexible and he was able to respond above his prejudicial dispositions to individual people, and his relations with women, while conflicted and adumbrated in some respects, are warm, often passionate, and overwhelmingly constructive.\u00a0 The attempt by these biographers to simplify Brahms, or to bring him into line with the moral prejudices or our own time, or to dismiss him with some facile label that carries within it a negative moral judgment, is offensive and intellectually dishonest.<\/p>\n

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References<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Avins, Styra, Ed. (1997)\u00a0 Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters<\/em>.\u00a0 Oxford, New York:\u00a0 Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

Clarke, Edward H. (1875)\u00a0\u00a0 Sex in Education: Or, a Fair Chance for Girls<\/em>.\u00a0 Boston:\u00a0 James R. Osgood & Company.<\/p>\n

Ferguson, Michael (2010)\u00a0 Was Abraham Lincoln Gay?\u00a0 Journal of Homosexuality<\/em>.\u00a0 Vol. 57, No. 9, pp. 1124-1157.<\/p>\n

Ferguson, Michael ( 2008)\u00a0 Book Review.\u00a0 Picturing Men:\u00a0 A Century of Male Relationships in Everyday American Photography<\/em>, by John Ibson.\u00a0 Chicago:\u00a0 University of Chicago Press.\u00a0 2002.\u00a0 Journal of Homosexuality<\/em>\u00a0 Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 319-323.<\/p>\n

Gal, Hans (1963)\u00a0 Johannes Brahms:\u00a0 His Work and Personality<\/em>.\u00a0 Translated from the German by Joseph Stein.\u00a0 New York:\u00a0 Alfred Knopf.<\/p>\n

Greenberg, Robert (2015b)\u00a0 Brahms, the Ladies, and the Trick Rocking Chair<\/em>.\u00a0 Video presentation in the Ora.tv series Scandalous Overtures. <\/em>\u00a0http:\/\/www.ora.tv\/scandalousovertures\/johannes-brahms-brahms-ladies-trick-rocking-chair-0_4vxpe6o87dy8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 March 3, 2015.<\/p>\n

Greenberg, Robert (2015a)\u00a0 Johannes Brahms and Clara Schumann: Did They or Didn’t They?<\/em>.\u00a0 Video presentation in the Ora.tv series Scandalous Overtures<\/em>.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.ora.tv\/scandalousovertures\/johannes-brahms–clara-schumann–0_5gjeid2yimd9\u00a0 January 29, 2015<\/p>\n

Hofmann, Kurt (1986)\u00a0 Johannes Brahms und Hamburg<\/em>.\u00a0 2nd Revised Edition.\u00a0 Reinbek.<\/p>\n

Neunzig, Hans A. (1973 [2003]) Brahms<\/em>. Translated by Mike Mitchell.\u00a0 London:\u00a0 Haus Publishing.<\/p>\n

Schauffler, Robert Haven (1933 [1972]) The Unknown Brahms: His Life, Character, and Works; Based on New Material.<\/em> Westport, CT:\u00a0 Greenwood Press.<\/p>\n

Swafford, Jan (1997)\u00a0 Johannes Brahms:\u00a0 A Biography<\/em>.\u00a0 New York:\u00a0 Vintage\/Random House.<\/p>\n

Swafford, Jan (2001)\u00a0 Did the Young Brahms Play Piano in Waterfront Bars?\u00a0 19th Century Music<\/em> 24\/3, pp. 268-275.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Was Brahms Really a Misogynist?       This first began as a review of Bob Greenberg’s video presentation Brahms, The Ladies, and the Trick Rocking Chair (2015a) in his…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":124,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"yasr_overall_rating":0,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[837],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-17640","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-joe-cillo"},"yasr_visitor_votes":{"stars_attributes":{"read_only":true,"span_bottom":"